The Republic of Kalimantan Borneo refers to the independence aspirations of the Dayak peoples, the indigenous inhabitants of the vast forests and river basins of Borneo. Dayak society historically consisted of loosely connected longhouse communities organized through kinship, customary laws, and shifting cultivation systems. Although politically decentralised, these communities shared a common cultural foundation that emphasized spiritual relationships with the environment.

Under Dutch colonial rule in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Dayak regions experienced new administrative boundaries, missionary activity, and selective economic development. After the creation of Indonesia, Dayak leaders increasingly expressed concerns about political marginalisation and the dominance of coastal and immigrant populations. Early activism in the 1950s included calls for federalism and recognition of Dayak identity within Indonesia’s state structure.  In subsequent decades demographic changes, environmental exploitation, and reduced local authority intensified Dayak dissatisfaction. Movements advocating autonomy or independence began referring to the concept of a Republic of Kalimantan Borneo to assert political and cultural rights. Organisations associated with Dayak cultural revival have joined international forums such as the UNPO, highlighting issues related to land rights and environmental protection.

While independence is not universally demanded, the idea of a Kalimantan Borneo republic symbolizes a broader desire for self determination, equitable resource management, and protection of traditional ways of life. It reflects the enduring connection between Dayak identity and the landscapes of Borneo.