The Republic of Sardinia is a proposed sovereign state based on the island of Sardinia which has maintained a distinctive cultural identity for many centuries. Sardinians speak several Romance varieties collectively known as Sardinian, a language considered one of the closest living relatives of Latin.

The island has hosted Nuragic, Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, and medieval influences, each contributing to a sense of cultural resilience. In 1794 Sardinians rose in the so called Sardinian Vespers, expelling Piedmontese officials and asserting their right to local governance. The movement was eventually suppressed, yet it remains one of the earliest expressions of modern Sardinian national consciousness.  Sardinia became part of the Kingdom of Italy in the nineteenth century. Persistent challenges including economic marginalisation, rural depopulation, and military land use have reinforced the perception that the island’s interests are secondary within the Italian state. The twentieth century saw the rise of Sardinian autonomism which secured a special autonomous statute in 1948. This provided important self government mechanisms but did not halt the long term decline of the Sardinian language or reverse structural economic disparities. 

Contemporary Sardinian nationalism seeks a combination of cultural revival, environmental stewardship, and expanded political autonomy. Some factions advocate full independence, inspired by historical sovereignty and the desire to protect linguistic and cultural heritage. Sardinian nationalist parties participate in the European Free Alliance and promote a vision of Sardinia as a self governing nation in Europe. Although independence does not currently command broad majority support, the idea of a sovereign Republic of Sardinia remains part of political debate. It symbolises a desire for greater control over land, resources, and cultural preservation in a context where island identity is deeply rooted and widely cherished.