The Republic of Moskitia refers to a proposed indigenous state based on the historic lands of the Miskito people along the Caribbean coast of present day Nicaragua and Honduras. The Miskito developed a distinctive political structure during the seventeenth century that blended indigenous leadership with emerging Atlantic world influences.

By 1687 Britain formally acknowledged the Miskito Kingdom, creating a unique political entity that survived for nearly two centuries. This kingdom managed its own affairs, maintained diplomatic relations, and became a refuge for African communities escaping slavery.  In the nineteenth century the region became contested between British authorities and the expanding Central American republics. Ultimately the Miskito Kingdom was incorporated into Nicaragua in 1894 in a process known as the Reincorporation of the Mosquito Reserve. Although nominal autonomy was promised, centralised governance, land disputes, and cultural pressures undermined traditional institutions. Throughout the twentieth century the Miskito people continued to assert territorial rights and cultural identity. Mission schools, local councils, and cross border networks helped preserve language and community cohesion. 

Modern political mobilisation intensified during the 1970s and 1980s when indigenous rights movements expanded across the Americas. Conflicts between Miskito communities and the Sandinista government resulted in significant displacement but also led to new legal recognition. Autonomy statutes in the 1980s and 1990s created the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region. However, some Miskito groups argue that autonomy remains incomplete and advocate a sovereign Republic of Moskitia grounded in ancestral territory, communal land rights, and self administration. Membership in the UNPO provides an international platform for raising these issues. The idea of Moskitia as a republic continues to symbolise a centuries long struggle for recognition and self determination on one of the most culturally rich coasts of Central America.